For decades, Operational Technology (OT) devices and environments were not connected to other systems or the Internet. They were physically separated from other networks within industrial organizations, a practice known as “air gapping”. The critical nature of industrial operations required OT device manufacturers to focus on system availability and interoperability but not necessarily on security; so this “air gap” practice became the main security feature that protected critical systems from outside intrusions or cyber-attacks. The obscurity of these systems, which rely on unique, proprietary equipment and communication protocols, contributed to the idea that built-in security was not really needed.
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